ACTINIUM
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ACTINIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 89 | Group: | 3 or III B | 89 | 227 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 227 | Period: | 7 |
Ac |
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CAS Number: |
7440-34-8 | ||||
| Actinium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals. Thirty two isotopes and isomers are now recognized. All are radioactive. Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is an alpha and beta emitter with a 21.77-year halflife. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.72-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha rays. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300°C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.77-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | 1051 °C = 1324.15 K = 1923.8 °F 2 | Normal Boiling Point: | 3198 °C = 3471.15 K = 5788.4 °F 2 |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | |||
| Density: | 10.1 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | cubic: face centered |
| Atomic Radius: | Covalent Radius: | ||
| Ionic Radius: | Atomic Volume: | 22.54 cm3/mol | |
| Qualitative Solubility: | d to Ac(OH)3 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Rn] 7s2 6d1 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Rn] 7s2 5f1 |
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| Block: | d | Ac |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 7 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 2 | |||||||
| Quantum Numbers: | n = 5 | ℓ = 3 | mℓ = -3 | ms = +˝ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.1 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.9 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | Oxidation States: | +3 | |||||
| Ionization Potential 4 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 4 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 5.17 | 498.8 | 2 | 12.1 | 1167.5 | ||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | Thermal Conductivity: | 12 (W/m)/K, 27şC | |||||
| Heat of Fusion: | Heat of Vaporization: | ||||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 15.00 | 62.76 | 0 | 0 | |
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Video |
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| Video on actinium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 206Ac | 206.01450(8) | 25(7) ms | (3+) | 150025457057.359 |
| 207Ac | 207.01195(6) | 31(8) ms [27(+11-6) ms] | 9/2-# | 150804868002.628 |
| 208Ac | 208.01155(6) | 97(16) ms [95(+24-16) ms] | (3+) | 151584278947.892 |
| 209Ac | 209.00949(5) | 92(11) ms | (9/2-) | 153262502265.178 |
| 210Ac | 210.00944(6) | 350(40) ms | 7+# | 154041913210.449 |
| 211Ac | 211.00773(8) | 213(25) ms | 9/2-# | 154821324155.716 |
| 212Ac | 212.00781(7) | 920(50) ms | 6+# | 155600735100.982 |
| 213Ac | 213.00661(6) | 731(17) ms | (9/2-)# | 156380146046.251 |
| 214Ac | 214.006902(24) | 8.2(2) s | (5+)# | 157159556991.517 |
| 215Ac | 215.006454(23) | 0.17(1) s | 9/2- | 157938967936.784 |
| 216Ac | 216.008720(29) | 0.440(16) ms | (1-) | 158718378882.05 |
| 217Ac | 217.009347(14) | 69(4) ns | 9/2- | 159497789827.319 |
| 218Ac | 218.01164(5) | 1.08(9) µs | (1-)# | 159378388400.566 |
| 219Ac | 219.01242(5) | 11.8(15) µs | 9/2- | 160157799345.83 |
| 220Ac | 220.014763(16) | 26.36(19) ms | (3-) | 160937210291.101 |
| 221Ac | 221.01559(5) | 52(2) ms | 9/2-# | 161716621236.367 |
| 222Ac | 222.017844(6) | 5.0(5) s | 1- | 162496032181.634 |
| 223Ac | 223.019137(8) | 2.10(5) min | (5/2-) | 163275443126.903 |
| 224Ac | 224.021723(4) | 2.78(17) h | 0- | 163156041700.147 |
| 225Ac | 225.023230(5) | 10.0(1) d | (3/2-) | 163935452645.411 |
| 226Ac | 226.026098(4) | 29.37(12) h | (1)(-#) | 164714863590.677 |
| 227Ac | 227.0277521(26) | 21.772(3) a | 3/2- | 165494274535.948 |
| 228Ac | 228.0310211(27) | 6.15(2) h | 3+ | 165374873109.193 |
| 229Ac | 229.03302(4) | 62.7(5) min | (3/2+) | 166154284054.459 |
| 230Ac | 230.03629(32) | 122(3) s | (1+) | 166933694999.73 |
| 231Ac | 231.03856(11) | 7.5(1) min | (1/2+) | 167713105944.994 |
| 232Ac | 232.04203(11) | 119(5) s | (1+) | 167593704518.241 |
| 233Ac | 233.04455(32)# | 145(10) s | (1/2+) | 168373115463.512 |
| 234Ac | 234.04842(43)# | 44(7) s | 169152526408.776 | |
| 235Ac | 235.05123(38)# | 40# s | 1/2+# | 169033124982.021 |
| 236Ac | 236.05530(54)# | 2# min | 169812535927.284 | |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 5 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Crust: | 0.00000000055 mg/kg = 0.000000000000055% 6 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Aktinium | Albanian: | Aktin | Armenian: | Ակտինիում | Arabic: | اّكتينيوم |
| Aromanian: | Actiniumu | Basque: | Aktinioa | Bosnian: | Aktinij | Breton: | Aktiniom |
| Bulgarian: | Актиний | Byelorussian: | Актыній | Catalan: | Actini | Chinese: | 锕 |
| Cornish: | Actynyum | Croatian: | Aktinij | Czech: | Aktinium | Danish: | Actinium |
| Dutch: | Actinium | Esperanto: | Aktinio | Estonian: | Aktiinium | Faroese: | Actinium |
| Finnish: | Aktinium | French: | Actinium | Friulian: | Atini | Frisian: | Actinium |
| Galician: | Actinio | Georgian: | აქტინიუმი | German: | Aktinium | Greek: | Ακτινιο |
| Hebrew: | אקטיניום | Hungarian: | Aktínium | Icelandic: | Aktín | Irish Gaelic: | Achtainiam |
| Italian: | Attinio | Japanese: | アクチニウム | Kashubian: | Aktin | Kazakh: | Актиний |
| Korean: | 악티늄 | Latvian: | Aktinijs | Lithuanian: | Aktinis | Luxembourgish: | Aktinium |
| Macedonian: | Актиниум | Malay: | Aktinium | Maltese: | Aktinjum | Manx Gaelic: | Aghtinnium |
| Mokshan: | Актини | Mongolian: | Актини | Norwegian: | Actinium | Occitan: | Actini |
| Ossetian: | Актиний | Polish: | Aktyn | Portuguese: | Actínio | Russian: | Актиний |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Aictiniam | Serbian: | Актиниjум | Slovak: | Aktínium | Spanish: | Actinio |
| Sudovian: | Aktinijan | Swahili: | Aktini | Swedish: | Aktinium | Tajik: | Aktini' |
| Thai: | แอกทิเนียม | Turkish: | Aktinyum | Ukranian: | Актиній | Uzbek: | Актиний |
| Vietnamese: | Actini | Welsh: | Actiniwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-3. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (5) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
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ACTINIUM |
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| Site designed and maintained by Mr. Everett. |
| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |