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BROMINE
Links:
Introduction Classification Description Physical Properties
Electron Configuration and Bonding Thermochemistry Video
Isotopes Reactions Abundance Compounds
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  Periodic Table  
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Introduction

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Atomic Number: 35 Group: 17 or VII A 35 79.904
Average Atomic Mass: 79.904 Period: 4

Br
   

CAS Number:

 7726-95-6
      Bromine
Classification

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Metal Nonmetal Metalloid    
Alkali Metal Alkali Earth Metal Transition Metal Chalcogen Halogen
Noble Gas Lanthanoid Actinoid

Rare Earth Metal

  
Transuranium No Stable Isotopes      
Solid Liquid Gas

Assumed Solid

  
Description

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Discovered by Balard in 1826, but not prepared in quantity until 1860. A member of the halogen group of elements, it is obtained from natural brines from wells in Michigan and Arkansas. Little bromine is extracted today from seawater, which contains only about 85 ppm. Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, volatilizing readily at room temperature to a red vapor with a strong disagreeable odor, resembling chlorine, and having a very irritating effect on the eyes and throat; it is readily soluble in water or carbon disulfide, forming a red solution, is less active than chlorine but more so than iodine; it unites readily with many elements and has a bleaching action; when spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It presents a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it. Much of the bromine output in the U.S. was used in the production of ethylene dibromide, a lead scavenger used in making gasoline antiknock compounds. Lead in gasoline, however, has been drastically reduced, due to environmental considerations. This will greatly affect future production of bromine. Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizers, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. Organic bromides are also important. Natural bromine is made of two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br. Thirty three isotopes and isomers are known. Bromine costs about $100/kg. 1
Physical Properties

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Density: 3.12 g/cm3 Crystal Structure: orthorhombic
Atomic Radius: 1.12 Ǻ = 112 pm Covalent Radius: 1.14 Ǻ = 114 pm
Ionic Radius: 2 Ǻ = 200 pm Atomic Volume: 25.6 cm3/mol
Qualitative Solubility: v slightly s 95% eth, chloroform, CS2 3
Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius.
Electron Configuration and Bonding

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Predicted Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5

Lewis Dot Diagram
Actual Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p5  

x

x

  
Block: p

x

 Br

x
Highest Occupied Energy Level: 4

x

Valence Electrons: 7  

x

x

  
Quantum Numbers: n = 4 ℓ = 1 mℓ = 0 ms = -½        
Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table.  Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons.
Electronegativity (Pauling): 2.96 Electropositivity (Pauling): 1.04
Electron Affinity: 3.36 eV = 324.19 kJ/mol = 77.48 kcal/mol Oxidation States: ±1,+5
Ionization Potential 4 eV kJ/mol Ionization Potential 4 eV kJ/mol
1 11.81381 1139.9 5 59.7 5760.2
2 21.8 2103.4 6 88.6 8548.6
3 36 3473.5 7 103 9938.0
4 47.3 4563.8 8 192.8 18602.4
Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value.
Thermochemistry

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Specific Heat: 0.473 J/g°C = 0.113 cal/g°C Thermal Conductivity: 0.122 (W/m)/K, 27ºC
Heat of Fusion: 5.286 kJ/mol = 66.2 J/g Heat of Vaporization: 15.438 kJ/mol = 193.2 J/g
State of Matter Enthalpy of Formation Entropy of Formation Gibbs Free Energy
(kcal/mol) (kJ/mol) (cal/K) (J/K) (kcal/mol) (kJ/mol)
(l) 0 0 36.384 152.230656 0 0
(g) 7.387 30.907208 58.641 245.353944 0.751 3.142184
Video

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Video on bromine from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com
Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to white sodium bromide crystals. Elemental bromine is the key product, and much of it immediately boils and can be seen as a vapor.
The synthesis reaction between potassium and bromine.
Isotopes

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Nuclide Mass Half-Life Nuclear Spin Binding Energy (kJ/mol)
67Br 66.96479(54)# 1/2-# 51667454666.0209
68Br 67.95852(38)# <1.2 µs 3+# 52986153034.499
69Br 68.95011(11)# <24 ns 1/2-# 54484613877.3836
70Br 69.94479(33)# 79.1(8) ms 0+# 55803312245.8629
71Br 70.93874(61) 21.4(6) s (5/2)- 57122010614.3435
72Br 71.93664(6) 78.6(24) s 1+ 58081184034.015
73Br 72.93169(5) 3.4(2) min 1/2- 59310001165.2924
74Br 73.929891(16) 25.4(3) min (0-) 60269174584.9652
75Br 74.925776(15) 96.7(13) min 3/2- 61408110479.0406
76Br 75.924541(10) 16.2(2) h 1- 62277402661.5089
77Br 76.921379(3) 57.036(6) h 3/2- 63326457318.3837
78Br 77.921146(4) 6.46(4) min 1+ 64105868263.6488
79Br 78.9183371(22) STABLE 3/2- 65154922920.5235
80Br 79.9185293(22) 17.68(2) min 1+ 65934333865.7911
81Br 80.9162906(21) STABLE 3/2- 66893507285.4626
82Br 81.9168041(21) 35.282(7) h 5- 67672918230.7302
83Br 82.915180(5) 2.40(2) h 3/2- 68542210413.1986
84Br 83.916479(16) 31.80(8) min 2- 69231740121.2642
85Br 84.915608(21) 2.90(6) min 3/2- 70101032303.7325
86Br 85.918798(12) 55.1(4) s (2-) 70610799537.393
87Br 86.920711(19) 55.65(13) s 3/2- 71210448008.258
88Br 87.92407(4) 16.29(6) s (2-) 71630334004.7153
89Br 88.92639(6) 4.40(3) s (3/2-,5/2-) 72229982475.5789
90Br 89.93063(8) 1.91(1) s 72649868472.0375
91Br 90.93397(8) 541(5) ms 3/2-# 73159635705.698
92Br 91.93926(5) 0.343(15) s (2-) 73399759227.7538
93Br 92.94305(32)# 102(10) ms 3/2-# 73819645224.2123
94Br 93.94868(43)# 70(20) ms 74149649983.4689
95Br 94.95287(54)# 50# ms [>300 ns] 3/2-# 74569535979.9262
96Br 95.95853(75)# 20# ms [>300 ns] 74809659501.9808
97Br 96.96280(86)# 10# ms [>300 ns] 3/2-# 75229545498.4406
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 5
Reactions

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The oxygen content of a metal oxide is difficult to determine directly, but can be determine gas-volumetrically after reaction of the oxide with bromine trifluoride at 75 degrees Celsius. Reaction with titanium (IV) oxide will produce titanium (IV) fluoride and bromine along with oxygen, the desired product.
The oxygen content of a metal oxide is difficult to determine directly, but can be determine gas-volumetrically after reaction of the oxide with bromine trifluoride at 75 degrees Celsius. Reaction with tantalum (V) oxide will produce tantalum (V) fluoride and bromine along with oxygen, the desired product.
Bromine trifluoride reacts with metal oxides to evolve oxygen. In the reaction between silicon dioxide and bromine trifluoride gaseous silicon tetrafluoride and bromine are also produced.
The reaction of red phosphorus and bromine is a direct combination of the elements.
Bromine trifluoride reacts with metal oxides to evolve oxygen. In the reaction between titanium (IV) oxide and bromine trifluoride the solid titanium (IV) fluoride and bromine are also produced.
Elemental bromine is the source of bromine compounds. The element is produced from certain brines that occur naturally. These brines are essentially solutions of calcium bromide which, when treated with chlorine gas, yield bromine in a single displacement reaction.
When aluminum metal reacts with liquid bromine, the reaction produces aluminum bromide - Al2Br6.
Abundance

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Earth: Source Compounds: halide salts or brines 6
Earth: Ocean Water: 67.3 mg/L 7
Earth: Crust: 2.4 mg/kg = 0.00024% 7
Earth: Total: 106 ppb 8
Mercury: Total: 1.2 ppb 8
Venus: Total: 111 ppb 8
Human Body: Total: 0.00029% 9
Compounds

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1,1'-dioctadecyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dibromide germanium(IV) bromide p-xylyl bromide
2-Aminoethylisothiourea hydrobromide gold(I) bromide Pyridinium tribromide
2-bromoisobutyryl bromide gold(III) bromide radium bromide
2-cyclohexylethyl bromide hafnium bromide rhenium(III) bromide
6-bromohexyltrimethylammonium bromide Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide rhenium(IV) bromide
Acetyl bromide Hexyl bromide(1-bromohexane) rhenium(V) bromide
Allyl bromide(3-bromopropene) holmium bromide rhodium(III) bromide
Allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide Hydrazine dihydrobromide rubidium bromide
aluminum bromide indium(I) bromide ruthenium(II) bromide
aluminum bromide hexahydrate indium(II) bromide ruthenium(III) bromide
ammonium bromide indium(III) bromide samarium(II) bromide
amyl bromide iodine monobromide samarium(III) bromide
antimony tribromide Ipratropium bromide scandium(III) bromide
arsenic oxybromide iridium(II) bromide Scopolamine hydrobromide trihydrate
arsenic tribromide iridium(III) bromide sec-Butyl bromide(2-bromobutane)
barium bromide iridium(IV) bromide selenium bromide
barium bromide dihydrate iron(II) bromide selenium dibromide
benzyl bromide iron(III) bromide selenium oxybromide
berkelium(III) bromide Isobutyl bromide selenium tetrabromide
beryllium bromide lanthanum bromide silicon tetrabromide
bismuth(III) bromide lead(II) bromide silver bromide
bismuth(III) oxybromide lead(IV) bromide silver dibromide
boron tribromide lithium bromide silver tribromide
bromine azide lithium bromide hydrate sodium bromide
bromine dioxide lutetium bromide strontium bromide
bromine monochloride magnesium bromide strontium bromide hexahydrate
bromine monofluoride magnesium bromide hexahydrate tantalum(III) bromide
bromine monoxide manganese(II) bromide tantalum(IV) bromide
bromine pentafluoride mercury(I) bromide tantalum(V) bromide
bromine trifluoride mercury(II) bromide technetium(IV) bromide
bromoacetyl bromide methyl bromide tellurium dibromide
butyl bromide Methylene bromide tellurium tetrabromide
cadmium bromide molybdenum(II) bromide terbium(III) bromide
calcium bromide molybdenum(III) bromide Tetrabutylammonium bromide
calcium bromide dihydrate molybdenum(IV) bromide Tetradecylammonium bromide
californium(II) bromide molybdenum(IV) bromide Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide
californium(III) bromide m-xylyl bromide Tetraethylammonium bromide
carbon tetrabromide neodymium(II) bromide Tetraoctylammonium bromide
cerium(III) bromide neodymium(III) bromide thallium(I) bromide
cesium bromide neptunium(III) bromide thallium(I, III) bromide
Cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide neptunium(IV) bromide thorium(IV) bromide
chromium(II) bromide n-hexyltrimethylammonium bromide thulium(II) bromide
chromium(III) bromide nickel(II) bromide thulium(III) bromide
chromium(IV) bromide niobium(III) bromide tin(II) bromide
Citalopram hydrobromide niobium(IV) bromide tin(IV) bromide
cobalt(II) bromide niobium(V) bromide titanium(II) bromide
copper(I) bromide nitrogen tribromide titanium(III) bromide
copper(II) bromide n-Propyl bromide(1-bromopropane) titanium(IV) bromide
curium(III) bromide octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Triethyl tin bromide
Cyanogen bromide osmium(III) bromide Trimethylene bromide chloride
cyclopropylmethyl bromide osmium(IV) bromide tungsten(II) bromide
Decamethonium dibromide o-xylyl bromide tungsten(III) bromide
Deuterium bromide palladium(II) bromide tungsten(IV) bromide
Didecyldimethylammonium bromide p-bromophenacyl bromide tungsten(V) bromide
Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide Pentylmagnesium bromide(in THF) tungsten(V) oxytribromide
Dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide Phenacyl bromide tungsten(VI) bromide
Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide Phenethyl bromide tungsten(VI) dioxydibromide
Diphenyl methyl bromide phosphorus oxybromide tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide
disulfur dibromide phosphorus pentabromide uranium(III) bromide
Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide phosphorus tetrabromide uranium(IV) bromide
dysprosium(II) bromide phosphorus tribromide uranium(V) bromide
dysprosium(III) bromide platinum(II) bromide vanadium(II) bromide
einsteinium(II) bromide platinum(III) bromide vanadium(III) bromide
einsteinium(III) bromide platinum(IV) bromide vanadium(IV) bromide
erbium(III) bromide plutonium(III) bromide Vinyl bromide
Ethidium bromide Poly-dl-lysine hydrobromide ytterbium(II) bromide
Ethyl bromide(Bromoethane) Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide ytterbium(III) bromide
Ethylmagnesium bromide(solution) potassium bromide yttrium(III) bromide
europium(II) bromide praseodymium(III) bromide zinc bromide
europium(III) bromide promethium(III) bromide zirconium(III) bromide
gadolinium(III) bromide Propantheline bromide zirconium(IV) bromide
gallium(III) bromide protactinium(IV) bromide
germanium(II) bromide protactinium(V) bromide
Safety

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Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table.  Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries.
Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses.
Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information.
Iowa State University
ESPI Metals
Languages

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Afrikaans: Broom Albanian: Brom Armenian: Բրոմ Arabic: بروم
Aromanian: Bromu Basque: Bromoa Bosnian: Brom Breton: Brom
Bulgarian: Бром Byelorussian: Бром Catalan: Brom Chinese: 溴
Cornish: Bromyn Croatian: Brom Czech: Brom Danish: Brom
Dutch: Broom Esperanto: Bromo Estonian: Broom Faroese: Brom
Finnish: Bromi French: Brome Friulian: Brom Frisian: Broom
Galician: Bromo Georgian: ბრომი German: Brom Greek: Βρωμιο
Hebrew: ברום Hungarian: Bróm Icelandic: Bróm Irish Gaelic: Bróimín
Italian: Bromo Japanese: 臭素 Kashubian: Bróm Kazakh: Бром
Korean: 브롬, 브로민 Latvian: Broms Lithuanian: Bromas Luxembourgish: Brom
Macedonian: Бром Malay: Bromin, Brom Maltese: Bromin Manx Gaelic: Bromeen
Mokshan: Брома Mongolian: Бром Norwegian: Brom Occitan: Bròm
Ossetian: Бром Polish: Brom Portuguese: Bromo Russian: Бром
Scottish Gaelic: Bròimin Serbian: Бром Slovak: Bróm Spanish: Bromo
Sudovian: Bramas Swahili: Bromi Swedish: Brom Tajik: Brom
Thai: โบรมีน Turkish: Brom Ukranian: Бром Uzbek: Бром
Vietnamese: Brom Welsh: Bromin        
For More Information

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From Online Periodic Tables:
About.com American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy InfoPlease
Lenntech Los Alamos National Laboratory
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility WebElements
Wikipedia X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology
Sources

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-6.
(2) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149.
(3) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180.
(4) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(5) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(6) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17.
(7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 7-17.

BROMINE

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Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010