GALLIUM
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GALLIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 31 | Group: | 13 or III A | 31 | 69.723 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 69.723 | Period: | 4 |
Ga |
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CAS Number: |
7440-55-3 | ||||
| Gallium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| Predicted and described by Mendeleev as ekaaluminum, and discovered spectroscopically by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875, who in the same year obtained the free metal by electrolysis of a solution of the hydroxide in KOH. Gallium is often found as a trace element in diaspore, sphalerite, germanite, bauxite, and coal. Some flue dusts from burning coal have been shown to contain as much as 1.5% gallium. It is the only metal, except for mercury, cesium, and rubidium, which can be liquid near room temperatures; this makes possible its use in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. There is a strong tendency for gallium to supercool below its freezing point. Therefore, seeding may be necessary to initiate solidification. Ultra-pure gallium has a beautiful, silvery appearance, and the solid metal exhibits a conchoidal fracture similar to glass. The metal expands 3.1% on solidifying; therefore, it should not be stored in glass or metal containers, as they may break as the metal solidifies. Gallium wets glass or porcelain, and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. High-purity gallium is attacked only slowly by mineral acids. Magnesium gallate containing divalent impurities such as Mn+2 is finding use in commercial ultraviolet activated powder phosphors. Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and has been used as a component in low-melting alloys. Its toxicity appears to be of a low order, but should be handled with care until more data are forthcoming. Natural gallium contains two stable isotopes. Twenty three other isotopes, one of which is an isomer, are known. The metal can be supplied in ultrapure form (99.99999+%). The cost is about $4/g. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | Normal Boiling Point: | 2204 °C = 2477.15 K = 3999.2 °F 2 | |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | 29.771 °C = 302.921 K = 85.5878 °F 2 | ||
| Density: | 5.9 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | orthorhombic |
| Atomic Radius: | 1.81 Ǻ = 181 pm | Covalent Radius: | 1.26 Ǻ = 126 pm |
| Ionic Radius: | 1 Ǻ = 100 pm | Atomic Volume: | 11.8 cm3/mol |
| Qualitative Solubility: | s acid 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 |
x |
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| Block: | p | Ga |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 4 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 3 |
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| Quantum Numbers: | n = 4 | ℓ = 1 | mℓ = -1 | ms = +½ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.81 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.19 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | 0.30 eV = 28.95 kJ/mol = 6.92 kcal/mol | Oxidation States: | +3 | ||||
| Work Function:4 | 4.25 eV = 6.8085E-19 J | ||||||
| Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 5.9993 | 578.8 | 3 | 30.71 | 2963.1 | ||
| 2 | 20.5142 | 1979.3 | 4 | 64 | 6175.1 | ||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | 0.37 J/g°C = 0.088 cal/g°C | Thermal Conductivity: | 40.6 (W/m)/K, 27ºC | ||||
| Heat of Fusion: | 5.59 kJ/mol = 80.2 J/g | Heat of Vaporization: | 258.7 kJ/mol = 3710.4 J/g | ||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 9.77 | 40.87768 | 0 | 0 | |
| (g) | 66.2 | 276.9808 | 40.38 | 168.94992 | 57.1 | 238.9064 | |
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Video |
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| Video on gallium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 56Ga | 55.99491(28)# | 3+# | 40830503232.72 | |
| 57Ga | 56.98293(28)# | 1/2-# | 42688489024.413 | |
| 58Ga | 57.97425(23)# | 2+# | 44186949867.2975 | |
| 59Ga | 58.96337(18)# | 3/2-# | 45955054421.7885 | |
| 60Ga | 59.95706(12)# | 70(10) ms | (2+) | 47273752790.2678 |
| 61Ga | 60.94945(6) | 168(3) ms | 3/2- | 48772213633.1524 |
| 62Ga | 61.944175(30) | 116.18(4) ms | 0+ | 50001030764.4291 |
| 63Ga | 62.9392942(14) | 32.4(5) s | (3/2-) | 51229847895.7084 |
| 64Ga | 63.9368387(22) | 2.627(12) min | 0(+#) | 52278902552.5806 |
| 65Ga | 64.9327348(9) | 15.2(2) min | 3/2- | 53417838446.6573 |
| 66Ga | 65.931589(3) | 9.49(7) h | 0+ | 54287130629.1269 |
| 67Ga | 66.9282017(14) | 3.2612(6) d | 3/2- | 55336185286.0003 |
| 68Ga | 67.9279801(16) | 67.71(9) min | 1+ | 56205477468.4699 |
| 69Ga | 68.9255736(13) | STABLE | 3/2- | 57164650888.1402 |
| 70Ga | 69.9260220(13) | 21.14(3) min | 1+ | 57854180596.2058 |
| 71Ga | 70.9247013(11) | STABLE | 3/2- | 58813354015.8761 |
| 72Ga | 71.9263663(11) | 14.095(3) h | 3- | 59413002486.7398 |
| 73Ga | 72.9251747(18) | 4.86(3) h | 3/2- | 60282294669.2106 |
| 74Ga | 73.926946(4) | 8.12(12) min | (3-) | 60971824377.2738 |
| 75Ga | 74.9265002(26) | 126(2) s | (3/2)- | 61751235322.5414 |
| 76Ga | 75.9288276(21) | 32.6(6) s | (2+,3+) | 62350883793.4051 |
| 77Ga | 76.9291543(26) | 13.2(2) s | (3/2-) | 63040413501.4695 |
| 78Ga | 77.9316082(26) | 5.09(5) s | (3+) | 63640061972.3332 |
| 79Ga | 78.93289(11) | 2.847(3) s | (3/2-)# | 64329591680.3976 |
| 80Ga | 79.93652(13) | 1.697(11) s | -3 | 64749477676.8561 |
| 81Ga | 80.93775(21) | 1.217(5) s | (5/2-) | 65439007384.9217 |
| 82Ga | 81.94299(32)# | 0.599(2) s | (1,2,3) | 65769012144.1783 |
| 83Ga | 82.94698(32)# | 308(1) ms | 3/2-# | 66188898140.6381 |
| 84Ga | 83.95265(43)# | 0.085(10) s | 66429021662.6915 | |
| 85Ga | 84.95700(54)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] | 3/2-# | 66759026421.948 |
| 86Ga | 85.96312(86)# | 30# ms [>300 ns] | 66999149944.0026 | |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Source Compounds: | oxides 7 |
| Earth: | Ocean Water: | 0.00003 mg/L 8 |
| Earth: | Crust: | 19 mg/kg = 0.0019% 8 |
| Earth: | Total: | 3.1 ppm 9 |
| Mercury: | Total: | 0.50 ppm 9 |
| Venus: | Total: | 3.4 ppm 9 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Gallium | Albanian: | Galium | Armenian: | Գալիում | Arabic: | غاليوم |
| Aromanian: | Galiumu | Basque: | Galioa | Bosnian: | Gallij | Breton: | Galliom |
| Bulgarian: | Галий | Byelorussian: | Галій | Catalan: | Gal·li | Chinese: | 镓 |
| Cornish: | Galyum | Croatian: | Gallij | Czech: | Gallium | Danish: | Gallium |
| Dutch: | Gallium | Esperanto: | Galio | Estonian: | Gallium | Faroese: | Gallium |
| Finnish: | Gallium | French: | Gallium | Friulian: | Gali | Frisian: | Gallium |
| Galician: | Galio | Georgian: | გალიუმი | German: | Gallium | Greek: | Γαλλιο |
| Hebrew: | גליום | Hungarian: | Gallium | Icelandic: | Gallín | Irish Gaelic: | Gailliam |
| Italian: | Gallio | Japanese: | ガリウム | Kashubian: | Gôl | Kazakh: | Галлий |
| Korean: | 갈륨 | Latvian: | Gallijs | Lithuanian: | Galis | Luxembourgish: | Gallium |
| Macedonian: | Галиум | Malay: | Gallium | Maltese: | Galljum | Manx Gaelic: | Gallium |
| Mokshan: | Гали | Mongolian: | Галли | Norwegian: | Gallium | Occitan: | Galli |
| Ossetian: | Галлий | Polish: | Gal | Portuguese: | Gálio | Russian: | Галлий |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Gailliam | Serbian: | Галиjум | Slovak: | Gálium | Spanish: | Galio |
| Sudovian: | Galijan | Swahili: | Gali | Swedish: | Gallium | Tajik: | Galli' |
| Thai: | แกลเลียม | Turkish: | Galyum | Ukranian: | Галій | Uzbek: | Галлий |
| Vietnamese: | Gali | Welsh: | Galiwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-13. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132. |
| (5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965. |
| (8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
| (9) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962. |
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GALLIUM |
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| Site designed and maintained by Mr. Everett. |
| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |