NEODYMIUM
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NEODYMIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 60 | Group: | None | 60 | 144.24 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 144.24 | Period: | 6 |
Nd |
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CAS Number: |
7440-00-8 | ||||
| Neodymium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible. The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster. Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C. Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Twenty seven other radioactive isotopes and isomers are recognized. Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welder’s goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels. The element is also being used with iron and boron to produce extremely strong magnets having energy densities as high as 27 to 35 million gauss oersteds. These are the most compact magnets commercially available. The price of the metal is about $2/g. Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | 1021 °C = 1294.15 K = 1869.8 °F 2 | Normal Boiling Point: | 3074 °C = 3347.15 K = 5565.2 °F 2 |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | |||
| Density: | 7 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | hexagonal |
| Atomic Radius: | 2.64 Ǻ = 264 pm | Covalent Radius: | 1.64 Ǻ = 164 pm |
| Ionic Radius: | Atomic Volume: | 20.6 cm3/mol | |
| Qualitative Solubility: | s hot H2O, acid 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f3 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 4f4 |
x |
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| Block: | f | Nd |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 6 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 2 | |||||||
| Quantum Numbers: | n = 4 | ℓ = 3 | mℓ = 0 | ms = +½ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.14 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.86 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | Oxidation States: | +3 | |||||
| Work Function:4 | 3.1 eV = 4.9662E-19 J | ||||||
| Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 5.525 | 533.1 | 3 | 22.1 | 2132.3 | ||
| 2 | 10.73 | 1035.3 | 4 | 40.41 | 3899.0 | ||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | 0.19 J/g°C = 0.045 cal/g°C | Thermal Conductivity: | 16.5 (W/m)/K, 27ºC | ||||
| Heat of Fusion: | 7.14 kJ/mol = 49.5 J/g | Heat of Vaporization: | 273 kJ/mol = 1892.7 J/g | ||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 17.1 | 71.5464 | 0 | 0 | |
| (g) | 78.3 | 327.6072 | 45.24 | 189.28416 | 69.9 | 292.4616 | |
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Video |
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| Video on neodymium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 124Nd | 123.95223(64)# | 500# ms | 0+ | 94645927862.6795 |
| 125Nd | 124.94888(43)# | 600(150) ms | 5/2(+#) | 96324151179.9667 |
| 126Nd | 125.94322(43)# | 1# s [>200 ns] | 0+ | 97103562125.2355 |
| 127Nd | 126.94050(43)# | 1.8(4) s | 5/2+# | 97882973070.5044 |
| 128Nd | 127.93539(21)# | 5# s | 0+ | 99561196387.7903 |
| 129Nd | 128.93319(22)# | 4.9(2) s | 5/2+# | 100340607333.057 |
| 130Nd | 129.92851(3) | 21(3) s | 0+ | 102018830650.35 |
| 131Nd | 130.92725(3) | 33(3) s | (5/2)(+#) | 102798241595.614 |
| 132Nd | 131.923321(26) | 1.56(10) min | 0+ | 103577652540.883 |
| 133Nd | 132.92235(5) | 70(10) s | (7/2+) | 104357063486.152 |
| 134Nd | 133.918790(13) | 8.5(15) min | 0+ | 106035286803.438 |
| 135Nd | 134.918181(21) | 12.4(6) min | 9/2(-) | 106814697748.704 |
| 136Nd | 135.914976(13) | 50.65(33) min | 0+ | 107594108693.97 |
| 137Nd | 136.914567(12) | 38.5(15) min | 1/2+ | 108373519639.239 |
| 138Nd | 137.911950(13) | 5.04(9) h | 0+ | 109152930584.506 |
| 139Nd | 138.911978(28) | 29.7(5) min | 3/2+ | 109932341529.774 |
| 140Nd | 139.90955(3) | 3.37(2) d | 0+ | 111610564847.063 |
| 141Nd | 140.909610(4) | 2.49(3) h | 3/2+ | 112389975792.327 |
| 142Nd | 141.9077233(25) | STABLE | 0+ | 113169386737.596 |
| 143Nd | 142.9098143(25) | STABLE | 7/2- | 113948797682.864 |
| 144Nd | 143.9100873(25) | 2.29(16)E+15 a | 0+ | 113829396256.109 |
| 145Nd | 144.9125736(25) | STABLE | 7/2- | 114608807201.375 |
| 146Nd | 145.9131169(25) | STABLE | 0+ | 115388218146.644 |
| 147Nd | 146.9161004(25) | 10.98(1) d | 5/2- | 116167629091.91 |
| 148Nd | 147.916893(3) | STABLE | 0+ | 116947040037.177 |
| 149Nd | 148.920149(3) | 1.728(1) h | 5/2- | 116827638610.423 |
| 150Nd | 149.920891(3) | 6.7(7)E+18 a | 0+ | 117607049555.692 |
| 151Nd | 150.923829(3) | 12.44(7) min | 3/2+ | 118386460500.959 |
| 152Nd | 151.924682(26) | 11.4(2) min | 0+ | 119165871446.227 |
| 153Nd | 152.927698(29) | 31.6(10) s | (3/2)- | 119945282391.494 |
| 154Nd | 153.92948(12) | 25.9(2) s | 0+ | 120724693336.76 |
| 155Nd | 154.93293(16)# | 8.9(2) s | 3/2-# | 120605291910.004 |
| 156Nd | 155.93502(22) | 5.49(7) s | 0+ | 121384702855.273 |
| 157Nd | 156.93903(21)# | 2# s [>300 ns] | 5/2-# | 122164113800.54 |
| 158Nd | 157.94160(43)# | 700# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ | 122044712373.784 |
| 159Nd | 158.94609(54)# | 500# ms | 7/2+# | 122824123319.053 |
| 160Nd | 159.94909(64)# | 300# ms | 0+ | 123603534264.322 |
| 161Nd | 160.95388(75)# | 200# ms | 1/2-# | 123484132837.566 |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Source Compounds: | phosphates 7 |
| Earth: | Ocean Water: | 0.0000028 mg/L 8 |
| Earth: | Crust: | 41.5 mg/kg = 0.00415% 8 |
| Earth: | Total: | 690 ppb 9 |
| Mercury: | Total: | 530 ppb 9 |
| Venus: | Total: | 723 ppb 9 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Neodimium | Albanian: | Neodim | Armenian: | Նեոդիում | Arabic: | نيوديميوم |
| Aromanian: | Neodimiumu | Basque: | Neodimioa | Bosnian: | Neodimij | Breton: | Neodim |
| Bulgarian: | Ниодим | Byelorussian: | Неадым | Catalan: | Neodimi | Chinese: | 钕 |
| Cornish: | Neodymyum | Croatian: | Neodimij | Czech: | Neodym | Danish: | Neodym |
| Dutch: | Neodymium | Esperanto: | Neodimo | Estonian: | Neodüüm | Faroese: | Neodym |
| Finnish: | Neodyymi | French: | Néodyme | Friulian: | Neodimi | Frisian: | Neodymium |
| Galician: | Neodimio | Georgian: | ნეოდიმი | German: | Neodym | Greek: | Νεοδυμιο |
| Hebrew: | ניאודימיום | Hungarian: | Neodimium | Icelandic: | Neodým | Irish Gaelic: | Neoidimiam |
| Italian: | Neodimio | Japanese: | ネオジム | Kashubian: | Neòdim | Kazakh: | Неодим |
| Korean: | 네오디뮴 | Latvian: | Neodims | Lithuanian: | Neodimis | Luxembourgish: | Neodym |
| Macedonian: | Неодиумиум | Malay: | Neodimium | Maltese: | Neodimjum | Manx Gaelic: | Neodimmium |
| Mokshan: | Нодими | Mongolian: | Неодим | Norwegian: | Neodym | Occitan: | Neodimi |
| Ossetian: | Неодим | Polish: | Neodym | Portuguese: | Neodímio | Russian: | Ниодимий, Неодим |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Neoidimiam | Serbian: | Неодиjум | Slovak: | Neodym | Spanish: | Neodimio |
| Sudovian: | Neadimis | Swahili: | Neodimi | Swedish: | Neodym | Tajik: | Neodim |
| Thai: | นีโอดิเมียม | Turkish: | Neodim | Ukranian: | Неодим | Uzbek: | Неодим |
| Vietnamese: | Neodim | Welsh: | Neodymiwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-20. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132. |
| (5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965. |
| (8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
| (9) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962. |
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NEODYMIUM |
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| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |