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PALLADIUM
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Introduction Classification Description Physical Properties
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Introduction

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Atomic Number: 46 Group: 10 or VIII B 46 106.42
Average Atomic Mass: 106.42 Period: 5

Pd
   

CAS Number:

 7440-05-3
      Palladium
Classification

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Metal Nonmetal Metalloid    
Alkali Metal Alkali Earth Metal Transition Metal Chalcogen Halogen
Noble Gas Lanthanoid Actinoid

Rare Earth Metal

  
Transuranium No Stable Isotopes      
Solid Liquid Gas

Assumed Solid

  
Description

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Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston. Palladium is found along with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South and North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. Natural palladium contains six stable isotopes. Twenty five other isotopes are recognized, all of which are radioactive. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Its separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found. It is a steel-white metal, does not tarnish in air, and is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid. At room temperatures the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium and this provides a means of purifying the gas. Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades. White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watchmaking, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts. The metal sells for about $140/troy oz. ($4.50/g). 1
Physical Properties

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Normal Melting Point: 1554.9 °C = 1828.05 K = 2830.82 °F 2 Normal Boiling Point: 2963 °C = 3236.15 K = 5365.4 °F 2
Sublimation Point: Triple Point:
Critical Point:
Density: 12 g/cm3 Crystal Structure: cubic: face centered
Atomic Radius: 1.79 Ǻ = 179 pm Covalent Radius: 1.28 Ǻ = 128 pm
Ionic Radius: 1 Ǻ = 100 pm Atomic Volume: 8.9 cm3/mol
Qualitative Solubility: s hot HNO3, H2SO4 3
Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius.
Electron Configuration and Bonding

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Predicted Electron Configuration: [Kr] 5s2 4d8

Lewis Dot Diagram
Actual Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d10  

x

 
Block: d

Pd

Highest Occupied Energy Level: 5

Valence Electrons: 1  

 
Quantum Numbers: n = 4 ℓ = 2 mℓ = 2 ms = -˝        
Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table.  Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons.
Electronegativity (Pauling): 2.2 Electropositivity (Pauling): 1.8
Electron Affinity: 0.56 eV = 54.03 kJ/mol = 12.91 kcal/mol Oxidation States: +2,4
Work Function:4 5.00 eV = 8.01E-19 J  
Ionization Potential 5 eV kJ/mol Ionization Potential 5 eV kJ/mol
1 8.3369 804.4 3 32.93 3177.3
2 19.43 1874.7
Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value.
Thermochemistry

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Specific Heat: 0.24 J/g°C = 0.057 cal/g°C Thermal Conductivity: 71.8 (W/m)/K, 27şC
Heat of Fusion: 17.6 kJ/mol = 165.4 J/g Heat of Vaporization: 357 kJ/mol = 3354.6 J/g
State of Matter Enthalpy of Formation Entropy of Formation Gibbs Free Energy
(kcal/mol) (kJ/mol) (cal/K) (J/K) (kcal/mol) (kJ/mol)
(s) 0 0 9.04 37.82336 0 0
(g) 90.4 378.2336 39.90 166.9416 81.2 339.7408
Video

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Video on palladium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com
Isotopes

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Nuclide Mass Half-Life Nuclear Spin Binding Energy (kJ/mol)
91Pd 90.94911(61)# 10# ms [>1.5 µs] 7/2+# 70530769188.5286
92Pd 91.94042(54)# 1.1(3) s [0.7(+4-2) s] 0+ 72119111268.6151
93Pd 92.93591(43)# 1.07(12) s (9/2+) 73347928399.8937
94Pd 93.92877(43)# 9.0(5) s 0+ 74756508005.575
95Pd 94.92469(43)# 10# s 9/2+# 75895443899.6505
96Pd 95.91816(16) 122(2) s 0+ 77214142268.1298
97Pd 96.91648(32) 3.10(9) min 5/2+# 78173315687.8026
98Pd 97.912721(23) 17.7(3) min 0+ 79312251581.878
99Pd 98.911768(16) 21.4(2) min (5/2)+ 80181543764.3476
100Pd 99.908506(12) 3.63(9) d 0+ 81230598421.2211
101Pd 100.908289(19) 8.47(6) h 5/2+ 82729059264.1043
102Pd 101.905609(3) STABLE 0+ 83508470209.3707
103Pd 102.906087(3) 16.991(19) d 5/2+ 84287881154.6395
104Pd 103.904036(4) STABLE 0+ 85067292099.9059
105Pd 104.905085(4) STABLE 5/2+ 85846703045.1735
106Pd 105.903486(4) STABLE 0+ 86626113990.4399
107Pd 106.905133(4) 6.5(3)E+6 a 5/2+ 87405524935.7075
108Pd 107.903892(4) STABLE 0+ 88184935880.9751
109Pd 108.905950(4) 13.7012(24) h 5/2+ 88964346826.2427
110Pd 109.905153(12) STABLE 0+ 89743757771.509
111Pd 110.907671(12) 23.4(2) min 5/2+ 90523168716.7766
112Pd 111.907314(19) 21.03(5) h 0+ 91302579662.043
113Pd 112.91015(4) 93(5) s (5/2+) 91183178235.291
114Pd 113.910363(25) 2.42(6) min 0+ 91962589180.5574
115Pd 114.91368(7) 25(2) s (5/2+)# 92742000125.825
116Pd 115.91416(6) 11.8(4) s 0+ 93521411071.0914
117Pd 116.91784(6) 4.3(3) s (5/2+) 94300822016.359
118Pd 117.91898(23) 1.9(1) s 0+ 95080232961.6266
119Pd 118.92311(32)# 0.92(13) s 94960831534.8721
120Pd 119.92469(13) 0.5(1) s 0+ 95740242480.1385
121Pd 120.92887(54)# 400# ms [>300 ns] 96519653425.4061
122Pd 121.93055(43)# 300# ms [>300 ns] 0+ 96400251998.6516
123Pd 122.93493(64)# 200# ms [>300 ns] 97179662943.9192
124Pd 123.93688(54)# 100# ms [>300 ns] 0+ 97959073889.1843
Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6
Reactions

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Abundance

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Earth: Crust: 0.015 mg/kg = 0.0000015% 7
Earth: Total: 0.89 ppm 8
Mercury: Total: 1.79 ppm 8
Venus: Total: 0.87 ppm 8
Compounds

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palladium(II) acetate palladium(II) nitrate palladium(II) trifluoroacetate
palladium(II) bromide palladium(II) oxide palladium(IV) fluoride
palladium(II) chloride palladium(II) selenide palladium(IV) oxide
palladium(II) cyanide palladium(II) sulfate palladium(IV) selenide
palladium(II) fluoride palladium(II) sulfide palladium(IV) sulfide
palladium(II) iodide palladium(II) telluride palladium(IV) telluride
Prices

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Safety

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Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table.  Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries.
Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses.
Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information.
Iowa State University
ESPI Metals
Languages

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Afrikaans: Palladium Albanian: Palad Armenian: Պալադիում Arabic: بالاديوم
Aromanian: Paladiumu Basque: Paladioa Bosnian: Paladij Breton: Palladiom
Bulgarian: Палладий Byelorussian: Паладый Catalan: Palladi Chinese: 钯
Cornish: Paladyum Croatian: Paladij Czech: Palladium Danish: Palladium
Dutch: Palladium Esperanto: Paladio Estonian: Pallaadium Faroese: Palladium
Finnish: Palladium French: Palladium Friulian: Paladi Frisian: Palladium
Galician: Paladio Georgian: პალადიუმი German: Palladium Greek: Παλλαδιο
Hebrew: פלדיום Hungarian: Palládium Icelandic: Palladín Irish Gaelic: Pallaidiam
Italian: Palladio Japanese: パラジウム Kashubian: Pallôd Kazakh: Палладий
Korean: 팔라듐 Latvian: Palladijs Lithuanian: Paladis Luxembourgish: Palladium
Macedonian: Паладиум Malay: Paladium Maltese: Palladjum Manx Gaelic: Pallaadjum
Mokshan: Палади Mongolian: Паллади Norwegian: Palladium Occitan: Palladi
Ossetian: Палладий Polish: Pallad Portuguese: Paládio Russian: Палладий
Scottish Gaelic: Pallaidiam Serbian: Паладиjум Slovak: Paládium Spanish: Paladio
Sudovian: Paladijan Swahili: Paladi Swedish: Palladium Tajik: Palladi'
Thai: แพลเลเดียม Turkish: Palladyum Ukranian: Паладій Uzbek: Палладий
Vietnamese: Paladi Welsh: Paladiwm        
For More Information

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From Online Periodic Tables:
About.com American Elements
Chemical & Engineering News Chemical Elements
ChemGlobe Chemicool
Environmental Chemistry Eni Generalic
HyperPhysics from Georgia State University's Department of Physics and Astronomy InfoPlease
Lenntech Los Alamos National Laboratory
Physics Department of the University of Coimbra Qivx Inc.
Royal Society of Chemistry's Visual Elements Schenectady County Community College
Thomas Jefferson Lab National Accelerator Facility WebElements
Wikipedia X-ray properties: Carlo Segre from Illinois Institute of Technology
Sources

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(1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-22.
(2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132.
(3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149.
(4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132.
(5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180.
(6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009).
(7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965.
(8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17.

PALLADIUM

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Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010