RHENIUM
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RHENIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 75 | Group: | 7 or VII B | 75 | 186.207 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 186.207 | Period: | 6 |
Re |
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CAS Number: |
7440-15-5 | ||||
| Rhenium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| Discovery of rhenium is generally attributed to Noddack, Tacke, and Berg, who announced in 1925 they had detected the element in platinum ores and columbite. They also found the element in gadolinite and molybdenite. By working up 660 kg of molybdenite they were able in 1928 to extract 1 g of rhenium. The price in 1928 was $10,000/g. Rhenium does not occur free in nature or as a compound in a distinct mineral species. It is, however, widely spread throughout the earth’s crust to the extent of about 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium in the U.S. today is obtained from molybdenite roaster-flue dusts obtained from copper-sulfide ores mined in the vicinity of Miami, Arizona, and elsewhere in Arizona and Utah. Some molybdenites contain from 0.002 to 0.2% rhenium. More than 150,000 troy ounces of rhenium are now being produced yearly in the United States. The total estimated Free World reserve of rhenium metal is 3500 tons. Natural rhenium is a mixture of two isotopes, one of which has a very long half-life. Thirty nine other unstable isotopes are recognized. Rhenium metal is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at elevated temperatures. The element is silvery white with a metallic luster; its density is exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium, and its melting point is exceeded only by that of tungsten and carbon. It has other useful properties. The usual commercial form of the element is a powder, but it can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This produces a compact shape in excess of 90% of the density of the metal. Annealed rhenium is very ductile, and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium is used as an additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to impart useful properties. It is widely used for filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gages. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material as it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Thermocouples made of Re-W are used for measuring temperatures up to 2200°C, and rhenium wire has been used in photoflash lamps for photography. Rhenium catalysts are exceptionally resistant to poisoning from nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, and are used for hydrogenation of fine chemicals, hydrocracking, reforming, and disproportionation of olefins. Rhenium costs about $12/g (99.99% pure). Little is known of its toxicity; therefore, it should be handled with care until more data are available. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | 3186 °C = 3459.15 K = 5766.8 °F 2 | Normal Boiling Point: | 5596 °C = 5869.15 K = 10104.8 °F 2 |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | |||
| Density: | 21 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | hexagonal |
| Atomic Radius: | 1.97 Ǻ = 197 pm | Covalent Radius: | 1.28 Ǻ = 128 pm |
| Ionic Radius: | 1 Ǻ = 100 pm | Atomic Volume: | 8.85 cm3/mol |
| Qualitative Solubility: | s HNO3; slightly s hot H2SO4 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d5 |
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| Block: | d | Re |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 6 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 2 | |||||||
| Quantum Numbers: | n = 5 | ℓ = 2 | mℓ = 2 | ms = +½ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.9 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.1 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | 0.15 eV = 14.47 kJ/mol = 3.46 kcal/mol | Oxidation States: | +7,4,6 | ||||
| Work Function:4 | 4.95 eV = 7.9299E-19 J | ||||||
| Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 7.8335 | 755.8 | |||||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | 0.13 J/g°C = 0.031 cal/g°C | Thermal Conductivity: | 47.9 (W/m)/K, 27ºC | ||||
| Heat of Fusion: | 33.2 kJ/mol = 178.3 J/g | Heat of Vaporization: | 715 kJ/mol = 3839.8 J/g | ||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 8.81 | 36.86104 | 0 | 0 | |
| (g) | 184.0 | 769.856 | 45.131 | 188.828104 | 173.2 | 724.6688 | |
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Video |
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| Video on rhenium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 160Re | 159.98212(43)# | 860(120) µs [0.82(+15-9) ms] | (2-) | 118384511973.596 |
| 161Re | 160.97759(22) | 0.37(4) ms | 1/2+ | 120062735290.882 |
| 162Re | 161.97600(22)# | 107(13) ms | (2-) | 120842146236.151 |
| 163Re | 162.972081(21) | 390(70) ms | (1/2+) | 121621557181.42 |
| 164Re | 163.97032(17)# | 0.53(23) s | high | 122400968126.686 |
| 165Re | 164.967089(30) | 1# s | 1/2+# | 124079191443.972 |
| 166Re | 165.96581(9)# | 2# s | 2-# | 124858602389.239 |
| 167Re | 166.96260(6)# | 3.4(4) s | 9/2-# | 125638013334.508 |
| 168Re | 167.96157(3) | 4.4(1) s | (5+,6+,7+) | 126417424279.774 |
| 169Re | 168.95879(3) | 8.1(5) s | 9/2-# | 128095647597.065 |
| 170Re | 169.958220(28) | 9.2(2) s | (5+) | 128875058542.334 |
| 171Re | 170.95572(3) | 15.2(4) s | (9/2-) | 129654469487.6 |
| 172Re | 171.95542(6) | 15(3) s | -5 | 130433880432.866 |
| 173Re | 172.95324(3) | 1.98(26) min | (5/2-) | 131213291378.135 |
| 174Re | 173.95312(3) | 2.40(4) min | 131992702323.402 | |
| 175Re | 174.95138(3) | 5.89(5) min | (5/2-) | 132772113268.666 |
| 176Re | 175.95162(3) | 5.3(3) min | 3+ | 133551524213.937 |
| 177Re | 176.95033(3) | 14(1) min | 5/2- | 134330935159.203 |
| 178Re | 177.95099(3) | 13.2(2) min | (3+) | 135110346104.47 |
| 179Re | 178.949988(26) | 19.5(1) min | (5/2)+ | 136788569421.758 |
| 180Re | 179.950789(23) | 2.44(6) min | (1)- | 136669167995.005 |
| 181Re | 180.950068(14) | 19.9(7) h | 5/2+ | 137448578940.271 |
| 182Re | 181.95121(11) | 64.0(5) h | 7+ | 138227989885.54 |
| 183Re | 182.950820(9) | 70.0(14) d | 5/2+ | 139007400830.806 |
| 184Re | 183.952521(5) | 38.0(5) d | 3(-) | 139786811776.073 |
| 185Re | 184.9529550(13) | STABLE | 5/2+ | 140566222721.339 |
| 186Re | 185.9549861(13) | 3.7186(5) d | 1- | 141345633666.61 |
| 187Re | 186.9557531(15) | 41.2(2)E+9 a | 5/2+ | 142125044611.874 |
| 188Re | 187.9581144(15) | 17.0040(22) h | 1- | 142904455557.141 |
| 189Re | 188.959229(9) | 24.3(4) h | 5/2+ | 143683866502.409 |
| 190Re | 189.96182(16) | 3.1(3) min | (2)- | 143564465075.654 |
| 191Re | 190.963125(11) | 9.8(5) min | (3/2+,1/2+) | 144343876020.92 |
| 192Re | 191.96596(21)# | 16(1) s | 145123286966.189 | |
| 193Re | 192.96747(21)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | 5/2+# | 145902697911.455 |
| 194Re | 193.97042(32)# | 2# s [>300 ns] | 145783296484.702 | |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Source Compounds: | oxides 7 |
| Earth: | Ocean Water: | 0.000004 mg/L 8 |
| Earth: | Crust: | 0.0007 mg/kg = 0.00000007% 8 |
| Earth: | Total: | 60 ppb 9 |
| Mercury: | Total: | 46 ppb 9 |
| Venus: | Total: | 64 ppb 9 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Rhenium | Albanian: | Renium | Armenian: | Ռենիում | Arabic: | رينيوم |
| Aromanian: | Reniumu | Basque: | Renioa | Bosnian: | Renij | Breton: | Reniom |
| Bulgarian: | Рений | Byelorussian: | Рэній | Catalan: | Reni | Chinese: | 铼 |
| Cornish: | Rhenyum | Croatian: | Renij | Czech: | Rhenium | Danish: | Rhenium |
| Dutch: | Rhenium | Esperanto: | Renio | Estonian: | Reenium | Faroese: | Renium |
| Finnish: | Renium | French: | Rhénium | Friulian: | Reni | Frisian: | Rhenium |
| Galician: | Renio | Georgian: | რენიუმი | German: | Rhenium | Greek: | Ρηνιο |
| Hebrew: | רניום | Hungarian: | Rénium | Icelandic: | Renín | Irish Gaelic: | Réiniam |
| Italian: | Renio | Japanese: | レニウム | Kashubian: | Rén | Kazakh: | Рений |
| Korean: | 레늄 | Latvian: | Renijs | Lithuanian: | Renis | Luxembourgish: | Rhenium |
| Macedonian: | Рениум | Malay: | Renium | Maltese: | Rinjum | Manx Gaelic: | Rainium |
| Mokshan: | Рени | Mongolian: | Рени | Norwegian: | Rhenium | Occitan: | Reni |
| Ossetian: | Рений | Polish: | Ren | Portuguese: | Rénio | Russian: | Рений |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Rèiniam | Serbian: | Рениjум | Slovak: | Rénium | Spanish: | Renio |
| Sudovian: | Renijan | Swahili: | Reni | Swedish: | Rhenium | Tajik: | Reni' |
| Thai: | รีเนียม | Turkish: | Renyum | Ukranian: | Реній | Uzbek: | Рений |
| Vietnamese: | Reni | Welsh: | Rheniwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-25 - 4-26. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132. |
| (5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965. |
| (8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
| (9) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962. |
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RHENIUM |
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| Site designed and maintained by Mr. Everett. |
| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |