SCANDIUM
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SCANDIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 21 | Group: | 3 or III B | 21 | 44.95591 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 44.95591 | Period: | 4 |
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CAS Number: |
7440-20-2 | ||||
| Scandium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 g of scandium oxide of high purity. Cleve later pointed out that Nilson’s scandium was identical with Mendeleev’s ekaboron. Scandium is apparently a much more abundant element in the sun and certain stars than here on earth. It is about the 23rd most abundant element in the sun, compared to the 50th most abundant on earth. It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite. Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grieneisen, who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal. The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960. Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. It is relatively soft, and resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium. It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of conc. HNO3 and 48% HF. Scandium reacts rapidly with many acids. Nineteen isotopes and isomers of scandium are recognized. The metal is expensive, costing about $120/g with a purity of about 99.9%. Scandium oxide costs about $40/g. About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are now being used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights, and the radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc. Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or nighttime color TV. Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore, it should be handled with care. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | 1541 °C = 1814.15 K = 2805.8 °F 2 | Normal Boiling Point: | 2836 °C = 3109.15 K = 5136.8 °F 2 |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | |||
| Density: | 2.99 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | hexagonal |
| Atomic Radius: | 2.09 Ǻ = 209 pm | Covalent Radius: | 1.44 Ǻ = 144 pm |
| Ionic Radius: | 1 Ǻ = 100 pm | Atomic Volume: | 15 cm3/mol |
| Qualitative Solubility: | d ev H2 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Ar] 4s2 3d1 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Ar] 4s2 3d1 |
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| Block: | d | Sc |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 4 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 2 | |||||||
| Quantum Numbers: | n = 3 | ℓ = 2 | mℓ = -2 | ms = +½ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.36 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.64 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | 0.19 eV = 18.33 kJ/mol = 4.38 kcal/mol | Oxidation States: | +3 | ||||
| Work Function:4 | 3.5 eV = 5.607E-19 J | ||||||
| Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 6.5615 | 633.1 | 12 | 687.36 | 66320.1 | ||
| 2 | 12.79967 | 1235.0 | 13 | 756.7 | 73010.4 | ||
| 3 | 24.75666 | 2388.7 | 14 | 830.8 | 80160.0 | ||
| 4 | 73.4894 | 7090.6 | 15 | 927.5 | 89490.1 | ||
| 5 | 91.65 | 8842.9 | 16 | 1009 | 97353.7 | ||
| 6 | 110.68 | 10679.0 | 17 | 1094 | 105554.9 | ||
| 7 | 138 | 13315.0 | 18 | 1213 | 117036.7 | ||
| 8 | 158.1 | 15254.3 | 19 | 1287.97 | 124270.2 | ||
| 9 | 180.03 | 17370.3 | 20 | 5674.8 | 547534.8 | ||
| 10 | 225.18 | 21726.6 | 21 | 6033.712 | 582164.6 | ||
| 11 | 249.798 | 24101.8 | |||||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | 0.6 J/g°C = 0.143 cal/g°C | Thermal Conductivity: | 15.8 (W/m)/K, 27ºC | ||||
| Heat of Fusion: | 14.1 kJ/mol = 313.6 J/g | Heat of Vaporization: | 314.2 kJ/mol = 6989.1 J/g | ||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 8.28 | 34.64352 | 0 | 0 | |
| (g) | 90.3 | 377.8152 | 41.75 | 174.682 | 80.32 | 336.05888 | |
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Video |
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| Video on scandium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 36Sc | 36.01492(54)# | 24527174785.0929 | ||
| 37Sc | 37.00305(32)# | 7/2-# | 26295279339.5846 | |
| 38Sc | 37.99470(32)# | <300 ns | (2-)# | 27883621419.6704 |
| 39Sc | 38.984790(26) | <300 ns | (7/2-)# | 29561844736.9589 |
| 40Sc | 39.977967(3) | 182.3(7) ms | 4- | 30970424342.6408 |
| 41Sc | 40.96925113(24) | 596.3(17) ms | 7/2- | 32468885185.5253 |
| 42Sc | 41.96551643(29) | 681.3(7) ms | 0+ | 33607821079.6014 |
| 43Sc | 42.9611507(20) | 3.891(12) h | 7/2- | 34746756973.6768 |
| 44Sc | 43.9594028(19) | 3.97(4) h | 2+ | 35705930393.3477 |
| 45Sc | 44.9559119(9) | STABLE | 7/2- | 36844866287.4244 |
| 46Sc | 45.9551719(9) | 83.79(4) d | 4+ | 37624277232.6914 |
| 47Sc | 46.9524075(22) | 3.3492(6) d | 7/2- | 38673331889.5655 |
| 48Sc | 47.952231(6) | 43.67(9) h | 6+ | 39452742834.8324 |
| 49Sc | 48.950024(4) | 57.2(2) min | 7/2- | 40411916254.5033 |
| 50Sc | 49.952188(17) | 102.5(5) s | 5+ | 41011564725.367 |
| 51Sc | 50.953603(22) | 12.4(1) s | (7/2)- | 41701094433.4314 |
| 52Sc | 51.95668(21) | 8.2(2) s | 3(+) | 42210861667.0926 |
| 53Sc | 52.95961(32)# | >3 s | (7/2-)# | 42720628900.753 |
| 54Sc | 53.96326(40) | 260(30) ms | 3+# | 43140514897.2116 |
| 55Sc | 54.96824(79) | 0.115(15) s | 7/2-# | 43470519656.4681 |
| 56Sc | 55.97287(75)# | 35(5) ms | (1+) | 43890405652.9267 |
| 57Sc | 56.97779(75)# | 13(4) ms | 7/2-# | 44220410412.1839 |
| 58Sc | 57.98371(86)# | 12(5) ms | (3+)# | 44460533934.2385 |
| 59Sc | 58.98922(97)# | 10# ms | 7/2-# | 44700657456.2925 |
| 60Sc | 59.99571(97)# | 3# ms | 3+# | 44940780978.3471 |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Source Compounds: | oxides 7 |
| Earth: | Ocean Water: | 0.0000006 mg/L 8 |
| Earth: | Crust: | 22 mg/kg = 0.0022% 8 |
| Earth: | Total: | 9.6 ppm 9 |
| Mercury: | Total: | 7.4 ppm 9 |
| Venus: | Total: | 10.1 ppm 9 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Skandium | Albanian: | Skandium | Armenian: | Սկանդիում | Arabic: | سكانديوم |
| Aromanian: | Scandiumu | Basque: | Eskandioa | Bosnian: | Skandij | Breton: | Skandiom |
| Bulgarian: | Скандий | Byelorussian: | Скандый | Catalan: | Escandi | Chinese: | 钪 |
| Cornish: | Scandyum | Croatian: | Skandij | Czech: | Skandium | Danish: | Scandium or Skandium |
| Dutch: | Scandium | Esperanto: | Skandio | Estonian: | Skandium | Faroese: | Skandium |
| Finnish: | Skandium | French: | Scandium | Friulian: | Scandi | Frisian: | Scandium |
| Galician: | Escandio | Georgian: | სკანდიუმი | German: | Skandium | Greek: | Σκανdιο |
| Hebrew: | סקנדיום | Hungarian: | Szkandium | Icelandic: | Skandín | Irish Gaelic: | Scaindiam |
| Italian: | Scandio | Japanese: | スカンジウム | Kashubian: | Skónd | Kazakh: | Скандий |
| Korean: | 스칸듐 | Latvian: | Skandijs | Lithuanian: | Skandis | Luxembourgish: | Skandium |
| Macedonian: | Скандиум | Malay: | Skandium | Maltese: | Skandjum | Manx Gaelic: | Scandjum |
| Mokshan: | Сканди | Mongolian: | Сканди | Norwegian: | Scandium | Occitan: | Escandi |
| Ossetian: | Скандий | Polish: | Skand | Portuguese: | Escândio | Russian: | Скандий |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Scaindiam | Serbian: | Скандиjум | Slovak: | Skandium | Spanish: | Escandio |
| Sudovian: | Skandijan | Swahili: | Skandi | Swedish: | Skandium | Tajik: | Skandi' |
| Thai: | สแคนเดียม | Turkish: | Skandiyum | Ukranian: | Скандій | Uzbek: | Скандий |
| Vietnamese: | Scandi | Welsh: | Scandiwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-27. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132. |
| (5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965. |
| (8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
| (9) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962. |
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SCANDIUM |
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| Site designed and maintained by Mr. Everett. |
| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |