THALLIUM
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THALLIUM |
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Introduction |
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| Atomic Number: | 81 | Group: | 13 or III A | 81 | 204.3833 |
| Average Atomic Mass: | 204.3833 | Period: | 6 |
Tl |
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CAS Number: |
7440-28-0 | ||||
| Thallium | |||||
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Classification |
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| Metal | Nonmetal | Metalloid | ||
| Alkali Metal | Alkali Earth Metal | Transition Metal | Chalcogen | Halogen |
| Noble Gas | Lanthanoid | Actinoid |
Rare Earth Metal |
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| Transuranium | No Stable Isotopes | |||
| Solid | Liquid | Gas |
Assumed Solid |
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Description |
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| Thallium was discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by Crookes. The element was named after the beautiful green spectral line, which identified the element. The metal was isolated both by Crookes and Lamy in 1862 about the same time. Thallium occurs in crooksite, lorandite, and hutchinsonite. It is also present in pyrites and is recovered from the roasting of this ore in connection with the production of sulfuric acid. It is also obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores. Extraction is somewhat complex and depends on the source of the thallium. Manganese nodules, found on the ocean floor, contain thallium. When freshly exposed to air, thallium exhibits a metallic luster, but soon develops a bluish-gray tinge, resembling lead in appearance. A heavy oxide builds up on thallium if left in air, and in the presence of water the hydroxide is formed. The metal is very soft and malleable. It can be cut with a knife. forty seven isotopic forms of thallium, with atomic masses ranging from 179 to 210 are recognized. Natural thallium is a mixture of two isotopes. The element and its compounds are toxic and should be handled carefully. Contact of the metal with skin is dangerous, and when melting the metal adequate ventilation should be provided. Thallium is suspected of carcinogenic potential for man. Thallium sulfate has been widely employed as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. Its use, however, has been prohibited in the U.S. since 1975 as a household insecticide and rodenticide. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and this compound is used in photocells. Thallium bromide-iodide crystals have been used as infrared optical materials. Thallium has been used, with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, to produce low melting glasses which become fluid between 125 and 150°C. These glasses have properties at room temperatures similar to ordinary glasses and are said to be durable and insoluble in water. Thallium oxide has been used to produce glasses with a high index of refraction. Thallium has been used in treating ringworm and other skin infections; however, its use has been limited because of the narrow margin between toxicity and therapeutic benefits. A mercury-thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at –60°C, some 20° below the freezing point of mercury. Thallium metal (99.999%) costs about $1/g. 1 |
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Physical Properties |
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| Normal Melting Point: | 304 °C = 577.15 K = 579.2 °F 2 | Normal Boiling Point: | 1473 °C = 1746.15 K = 2683.4 °F 2 |
| Sublimation Point: | Triple Point: | ||
| Critical Point: | |||
| Density: | 11.9 g/cm3 | Crystal Structure: | hexagonal |
| Atomic Radius: | 2.08 Ǻ = 208 pm | Covalent Radius: | 1.48 Ǻ = 148 pm |
| Ionic Radius: | 2 Ǻ = 200 pm | Atomic Volume: | 17.2 cm3/mol |
| Qualitative Solubility: | s HNO3, H2SO4 3 | ||
| Note: Unless otherwise stated, solubility is for water at 25 degrees Celsius. | |||
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Electron Configuration and Bonding |
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| Predicted Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1 |
Lewis Dot Diagram |
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| Actual Electron Configuration: | [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p1 |
x |
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| Block: | p | Tl |
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| Highest Occupied Energy Level: | 6 | |||||||
| Valence Electrons: | 3 |
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| Quantum Numbers: | n = 6 | ℓ = 1 | mℓ = -1 | ms = +½ | ||||
| Please note that information in this section can be derived entirely from the periodic table. Although most people do not discuss valence electrons of the d-block and f-block elements, on this page the number of electrons in the highest energy level of the actual electron configuration was used to determine valence electrons. | ||||||||
| Electronegativity (Pauling): | 1.62 | Electropositivity (Pauling): | 2.38 | ||||
| Electron Affinity: | 0.20 eV = 19.30 kJ/mol = 4.61 kcal/mol | Oxidation States: | +1,3 | ||||
| Work Function:4 | 4.02 eV = 6.44004E-19 J | ||||||
| Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | Ionization Potential 5 | eV | kJ/mol | ||
| 1 | 6.1082 | 589.4 | 3 | 29.83 | 2878.2 | ||
| 2 | 20.428 | 1971.0 | |||||
| Note: Only the electronvolt values are given in the CRC Handbook, a conversion factor was used to find the kJ/mol value. | |||||||
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Thermochemistry |
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| Specific Heat: | 0.13 J/g°C = 0.031 cal/g°C | Thermal Conductivity: | 46.1 (W/m)/K, 27ºC | ||||
| Heat of Fusion: | 4.142 kJ/mol = 20.3 J/g | Heat of Vaporization: | 164.1 kJ/mol = 802.9 J/g | ||||
| State of Matter | Enthalpy of Formation | Entropy of Formation | Gibbs Free Energy | ||||
| (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | (cal/K) | (J/K) | (kcal/mol) | (kJ/mol) | ||
| (s) | 0 | 0 | 15.34 | 64.18256 | 0 | 0 | |
| (g) | 43.55 | 182.2132 | 43.225 | 180.8534 | 35.24 | 147.44416 | |
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Video |
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| Video on thallium from the University of Nottingham's periodicvideos.com |
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Isotopes |
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| Nuclide | Mass | Half-Life | Nuclear Spin | Binding Energy (kJ/mol) |
| 176Tl | 176.00059(21)# | 5.2(+30-14) ms | (3-,4-,5-) | 128407953232.771 |
| 177Tl | 176.996427(27) | 18(5) ms | (1/2+) | 130086176550.06 |
| 178Tl | 177.99490(12)# | 255(10) ms | 130865587495.328 | |
| 179Tl | 178.99109(5) | 270(30) ms | (1/2+) | 131644998440.595 |
| 180Tl | 179.98991(13)# | 1.5(2) s | 133323221757.883 | |
| 181Tl | 180.986257(10) | 3.2(3) s | 1/2+# | 134102632703.152 |
| 182Tl | 181.98567(8) | 2.0(3) s | 2-# | 134882043648.418 |
| 183Tl | 182.982193(10) | 6.9(7) s | 1/2+# | 135661454593.685 |
| 184Tl | 183.98187(5) | 9.7(6) s | 2-# | 136440865538.954 |
| 185Tl | 184.97879(6) | 19.5(5) s | 1/2+# | 138119088856.242 |
| 186Tl | 185.97833(20) | 40# s | (2-) | 138898499801.508 |
| 187Tl | 186.975906(9) | ~51 s | (1/2+) | 139677910746.775 |
| 188Tl | 187.97601(4) | 71(2) s | (2-) | 140457321692.044 |
| 189Tl | 188.973588(12) | 2.3(2) min | (1/2+) | 141236732637.31 |
| 190Tl | 189.97388(5) | 2.6(3) min | 2(-) | 142016143582.576 |
| 191Tl | 190.971786(8) | 20# min | (1/2+) | 142795554527.843 |
| 192Tl | 191.97223(3) | 9.6(4) min | (2-) | 143574965473.112 |
| 193Tl | 192.97067(12) | 21.6(8) min | 1/2(+#) | 144354376418.378 |
| 194Tl | 193.97120(15) | 33.0(5) min | 2- | 145133787363.647 |
| 195Tl | 194.969774(15) | 1.16(5) h | 1/2+ | 146812010680.935 |
| 196Tl | 195.970481(13) | 1.84(3) h | 2- | 146692609254.18 |
| 197Tl | 196.969575(18) | 2.84(4) h | 1/2+ | 148370832571.468 |
| 198Tl | 197.97048(9) | 5.3(5) h | 2- | 148251431144.717 |
| 199Tl | 198.96988(3) | 7.42(8) h | 1/2+ | 149929654462.003 |
| 200Tl | 199.970963(6) | 26.1(1) h | 2- | 149810253035.247 |
| 201Tl | 200.970819(16) | 72.912(17) h | 1/2+ | 150589663980.516 |
| 202Tl | 201.972106(16) | 12.23(2) d | 2- | 151369074925.783 |
| 203Tl | 202.9723442(14) | STABLE | 1/2+ | 152148485871.049 |
| 204Tl | 203.9738635(13) | 3.78(2) a | 2- | 152927896816.318 |
| 205Tl | 204.9744275(14) | STABLE | 1/2+ | 153707307761.587 |
| 206Tl | 205.9761103(15) | 4.200(17) min | 0- | 154486718706.851 |
| 207Tl | 206.977419(6) | 4.77(2) min | 1/2+ | 155266129652.12 |
| 208Tl | 207.9820187(21) | 3.053(4) min | 5(+) | 155146728225.366 |
| 209Tl | 208.985359(8) | 2.161(7) min | (1/2+) | 155926139170.633 |
| 210Tl | 209.990074(12) | 1.30(3) min | (5+)# | 155806737743.879 |
| 211Tl | 210.99348(22)# | 1# min [>300 ns] | 1/2+# | 156586148689.143 |
| 212Tl | 211.99823(32)# | 30# s [>300 ns] | 5+# | 157365559634.412 |
| Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses. 6 | ||||
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Reactions |
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Abundance |
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| Earth: | Source Compounds: | sulfides 7 |
| Earth: | Ocean Water: | 0.000019 mg/L 8 |
| Earth: | Crust: | 0.85 mg/kg = 0.000085% 8 |
| Earth: | Total: | 3.86 ppb 9 |
| Mercury: | Total: | 0.044 ppb 9 |
| Venus: | Total: | 4.05 ppb 9 |
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Compounds |
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Safety |
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| Note: Not every link below has an entry for every element on the periodic table. Sites were selected based on those that had a large number of element and compound entries. |
| Scorecard's Pollution Information − not an MSDS, but it does provide basic information (among other things) on human heath hazards and industrial uses. |
| Although not truly an MSDS, Oxford University's Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory does provide some basic information. |
| Iowa State University |
| ESPI Metals |
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Languages |
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| Afrikaans: | Tallium | Albanian: | Talium | Armenian: | Թալիում | Arabic: | ثاليوم |
| Aromanian: | Taliumu | Basque: | Talioa | Bosnian: | Talij | Breton: | Taliom |
| Bulgarian: | Таллий | Byelorussian: | Талій | Catalan: | Tal·li | Chinese: | 铊 |
| Cornish: | Thalyum | Croatian: | Talij | Czech: | Thallium | Danish: | Thallium |
| Dutch: | Thallium | Esperanto: | Talio | Estonian: | Tallium | Faroese: | Thallium |
| Finnish: | Tallium | French: | Thallium | Friulian: | Tali | Frisian: | Thallium |
| Galician: | Talio | Georgian: | თალიუმი | German: | Thallium | Greek: | Θαλλιο |
| Hebrew: | תליום | Hungarian: | Tallium | Icelandic: | Þallín | Irish Gaelic: | Tailliam |
| Italian: | Tallio | Japanese: | タリウム | Kashubian: | Tôl | Kazakh: | Таллий |
| Korean: | 탈륨 | Latvian: | Tallijs | Lithuanian: | Talis | Luxembourgish: | Thallium |
| Macedonian: | Талиум | Malay: | Talium | Maltese: | Talljum | Manx Gaelic: | Thallium |
| Mokshan: | Тали | Mongolian: | Талли | Norwegian: | Thallium | Occitan: | Talli |
| Ossetian: | Таллий | Polish: | Tal | Portuguese: | Tálio | Russian: | Таллий |
| Scottish Gaelic: | Tailliam | Serbian: | Талиjум | Slovak: | Tálium | Spanish: | Talio |
| Sudovian: | Talijan | Swahili: | Tali | Swedish: | Tallium | Tajik: | Talli' |
| Thai: | แทลเลียม | Turkish: | Talyum | Ukranian: | Талій | Uzbek: | Таллий |
| Vietnamese: | Tali | Welsh: | Thaliwm |
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For More Information |
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Sources |
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| (1) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-31. |
| (2) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 4-132. |
| (3) - Dean, John A. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 11th ed.; McGraw-Hill Book Company: New York, NY, 1973; p 4-8 - 4-149. |
| (4) - Speight, James. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 16th ed.; McGraw-Hill Professional: Boston, MA, 2004; p 1-132. |
| (5) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 10-178 - 10-180. |
| (6) - Atomic Mass Data Center. http://amdc.in2p3.fr/web/nubase_en.html (accessed July 14, 2009). |
| (7) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 965. |
| (8) - Lide, David R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 83rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2002; p 14-17. |
| (9) - Silberberg, Martin S. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th ed.; McGraw-Hill Higher Education: Boston, MA, 2006, p 962. |
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THALLIUM |
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| Site designed and maintained by Mr. Everett. |
| Last update: Thursday, August 12, 2010 |